Poverty . . .

Over the last 2 weeks, we had two instances where we were exposed to the stark reality of how poverty affects families, especially when it comes to healthcare. 

I shall start with the patient who I mentioned in my previous post on obstetric care. 

We shall call her Kkd. Yes, the lady who came in with a hemoglobin of 4.6 gm% and then had a hemoglobin of 2.6 gm% more than 12 hours after the delivery. I just got news from Acute Care that the relatives were able to arrange a pint of blood; almost 24 hours after she had delivered. 

Now, the whole question was about the reason why the family never brought her for delivery to the hospital. It seems that she was taken to the place where she had her antenatal check ups as well as to the nearest district hospital. She was turned away from everywhere. 

If we had got couple of pints of blood, we would have done off the Cesarian in no time. 

I believe that it was the good Lord's providence for her that she delivered normally. And then the family could arrange one pint of blood. Most probably, that is the maximum that they can arrange. 

The whole exercise of a Cesarian section with couple of pints of blood transfused would have resulted in quite a financial strain for the family. I realized it today morning when the nurses told me that they did not have money to pay for the medicines. In fact, we had admitted her without any advance. 

The relatives had been running helter-skelter to get some decent treatment for this poor lady. The fact was that almost all of their money had been spent paying for transport. 

However, while the process of getting blood was on, one of our nurses had caught bits of their conversation and found out that they were in the process of paying a huge amount to buy blood. 

In our nearest blood bank, the usual practice is to allot a pint of blood for 350 INR if the relatives are able to donate blood. However, when one cannot arrange a donor, there are processes quite unknown to most of us by which you can buy the blood from elsewhere at rates ranging from 2400 to 4000 INR. 

We somehow convinced the relatives to arrange a donor and get the pint of blood for just 350 INR. I'm happy that they heeded the advice. 

However, it was obvious that the family had run out of financial resources. 

All of us have failed them. From the very beginning. 

They had gone to a doctor in his private clinic thinking that they would get the best treatment. He/She had written quite expensive iron, multivitamin and calcium tablets. Which they brought. Instead of 30 tablets for a month, they had brought one strip (10-12 tablets) which was used for 2 months. 

They never got clear advice on what needs to be done when she goes into labour. No plan . . .

And even after she got admitted . . . unless our staff overheard the conversation about the blood, they would have spend much beyond their capacity and got the blood, which many a time is of very poor quality.

To be frank, for the poor, there is nothing much left in our country. They are the mercy of anybody and everybody. The question is whether 'the haves' of our country are listening. 

Leaving alone the subject of poverty . . . if there is 2 things which could improve maternal morbidity and mortality in this part of the country which is more of a problem for the poor and marginalised, I firmly believe that it is free availability of Iron tablets along with an awareness about the intake of these tablets and the second one - undoubtedly, UDBT.

Avoidable Maternal Death

We had a maternal death today at NJH. 

The major aspect was that the death could have been avoided if somebody had identified risk factors, taken extra precautions and had been a bit more careful.

FmB, 22 year old mother of two came to us about 3 hours after delivering a healthy baby in a health facility about 5 miles from our place. She was gasping with a feeble heart as she was wheeled it. In addition, she was papery pale. There was nothing left for us to do. There was no blood in her veins. All of it had bled out. 

Although we had her intubated and pumped her with ionotropes, she did not respond.

FmB had been bleeding after the delivery. The care-givers had been giving her some injections to stop the bleeding. 

Unfortunately, by the time they realized that it could be fatal, it was too late. 

FmB had come to us couple of times for ante-natal care. Her hemoglobin was 8 gm% about a month back. I can't find much reason that it would have increased much although she was on regular Iron tablets. 

I'm sure that her care provider during the delivery had much idea about her anemia. There was no documentation of hemoglobin having been done elsewhere. 

Of course, if she had come to NJH, she would have ended up getting a repeat hemoglobin and a request to arrange one pint blood if the hemoglobin was below 9 gm%. 

Of course, I've had one of my dear colleagues in a sister hospital debating upon how one could manage conservatively without blood transfusion. In a situation where there is readily available blood, I may not arrange the one pint blood. 

And if UDBT was legal, this would be one classic case which would have made it if she had come in about half an hour earlier. 

To sum it up . . . FmB's death was a wake-up call for quite a few of us attending to her. A very normal process of delivering a baby ending up in a tragedy . . .

No eclampsia or rupture uterus . . . maybe, the uterus refused to contract . . . or a bad birth canal injury . . .

But, at the end of the day, a preventable maternal death . . . 

I feel sad for the husband and two very young daughters, the first one, just completing 2 years of age and the second one, born today . . .

Tale of 2 ladies . . . and a third one

(This post was done on Monday, 7^th October, 2013. Our internet connections are back to a very poor state of affairs. With Supercyclone Phailin on the way and the Dussehra festivities on, it looks a remote possibility that we would have fast internet connections for the next week too)

My yesterday’s Sunday duty (6^th October, 2013) was quite a light one. There were only 2 women in the labour room throughout the day. One of them was rich and the other poor.

However, both of them shared the characteristic that they were not taken very seriously by their families. The reason? Both of them were high risk pregnancies. And neither of the families was bothered about it.

The first one RD, was quite well off. This was her second pregnancy. The first one was quite an eventful one. She had severe pre-eclampsia and she had delivered a pre-term small for gestational age baby. She had come four times for antenatal care of her second pregnancy. 

Each time, she was told to come more often so that we could ensure that we make an early diagnosis of any high blood pressure. The first 3 visits were in the first and second trimester. 

Her last visit was 3 days back. She was almost nearing term and she had a blood pressure of 150/100 mm Hg. We had advised admission.

She went off home and came today after she started to contract. The blood pressure remained high. I just received news that she delivered.

I would say that her family should have been more careful with her treatment. They’ve got away with very lazy approach to her present pregnancy.

The next patient, SD was not that well off. Her blood group was O negative and her last haemoglobin was 8.5 gm%. We had seen her in outpatient more than a month back. The doctor who had seen her had well explained need for blood as well as absence of a blood bank in NJH. Of course, the difficulty of getting a O negative donor was also put across well.

The patient came in labour. There was no sign of arranging for any blood. Rather couple of male relatives vent their anger at us for not telling them things early.

SD was lucky. Being her second delivery, she progressed so fast that she delivered soon. Gladly, there was not much blood loss. The mother and baby are doing well.

Again, one more case which could have gone awry.

Well, there was a third lady too. She was not that lucky. I hope things will turn out well for her in the couple of days.

This was her 5^th pregnancy. We’ll call her CD. She has only 2 live children . . . both girls. 2 of her babies had died. The urge to have a boy child resulted in this pregnancy.

I’m not sure about her regular antenatal care. But, the relatives told me that she was not doing well since the last 3 days. And she is just into her 8^th month of pregnancy.

Her complaints . . . headache and blurred vision. They had gone to 4 hospitals over the last 3 days. In fact, they returned home after a circuit of hospital visits only on Friday evening. She was given a clean chit everywhere.

Today morning around 9 am, CD had multiple episode of seizures. The family rushed her to a hospital in the nearest town. The doctor told the family that she is very sick and only NJH can do anything. The reached around 2 pm.

Blood pressure was 210/140 mm Hg and Urine Albumin was 4+. The family had lost count of the number of seizures she had. In fact, when I reached to see CD in labour room, she was continuously seizuring.

She has not yet gone into a HELLP Syndrome. But, she is very sick. We’ve induced her. Please pray that she will deliver soon.

The first two cases were outright instances of ignorant and careless family members.

But, what about the third case? The medical fraternity had failed her. A typical complaint of pregnancy induced hypertension, headache and blurred vision, was totally ignored. The shocker. . . 

The family was very sure that nobody in the four hospitals had checked her blood pressure!!!

I have only one prescription in my hand. There is no measured reading of any blood pressure.

How long will we tolerate this sort of management?

PS: CD delivered the next day (8^th Oct, 2013). She got discharged couple of days back. 

Fear and Frustration

As I heard the story of SD, it was the sad face of PD which came before me. And her moans of pain and distress. 

PD had a history very similar to SD. 

After having tried to deliver normally at her home, PD came to us couple of days back. The diagnosis was almost the same as SD. 

Rupture Uterus with septicemia and severe anemia. She was on the verge of going in a circulatory collapse. Few years back, we would have taken her in. Maybe one of our staff themselves would have donated her blood. And we would have taken her in for a laparotomy. And she would have made it. 

Now, things have changed. A sort of fear has come after recent happenings in one of our sister institutions. 

The next best thing we could ask was for them to arrange for blood. 

It was nearing dawn when PD was wheeled in. Everything was explained. As always, the first choice was for them to take her to a higher centre in Ranchi. They preferred that we manage her. 

PD pulled through till the blood came. But, we were in for a surprise. We had asked for 3 pints of blood. 

The relatives came with one pint. The doctor on duty did not need to look much into the pint of blood to decide that it was diluted blood. We sent it for hemoglobin. It was a measly 3.6 gms. 

On further inquiry, we found out that they had paid 3500 for the blood, ten times of what it took to get blood from the government blood bank. It was obvious . . . the blood bank in the district hospital did not have the required blood group. And they could not give them a donor. 

So, someone had fixed them up with an agent who arranged the pint of blood. 

It was nearing evening when I went to talk with PD's relatives. I told of the predicament. Meanwhile, some more relatives of PD had arrived. 

Thankfully, they were ready to take PD to a higher centre. 

There is not much reason to believe that she would not have survived the journey to Ranchi. But, she could have ended up as a maternal death too. I don't know.  

However, we could have served her well had we had the freedom to draw blood here, transfuse her and do the surgery. I'm sure that the family would end up selling quite a lot of their possessions to fund her expenses. 

Yes, we would have broken the law and ran the risk of ending up in prison. 

I wish we had an additional clause in the laws of blood banking in India, where hospitals which are beyond a certain distance from a blood bank which could guarantee the supply of blood 24X7 be allowed to draw fresh blood and use it in emergencies. 

Could someone advocate for this? And we could do well with quite of few supporters of this amendment in the law. 

Breaking Rules . . .

SD got discharged today. 

She is alive today because someone went the extra mile to take care of her. 

SD had been trying to deliver her baby at home for 2 days before she arrived at the rural hospital quite far from her home. This particular hospital was not her first choice of care. She had gone to the government hospital. They refused to take her. 

She was quite pale and looking bloated up. It was an obvious rupture uterus. And she was in shock.

The nurses rushed to the doctor on duty, 'No b.p, pulse . . . what shall we do?'

'Rush fluids . . . and ask one of the relatives to donate blood', the reply was fast. 

There was no blood bank in the hospital. There was no chance that a blood bank could be there. Electricity was a premium. Then, there was the need for qualified staff and space. 

A technician drew the blood . . . Quite oblivious of rules, rather laws, which could end with him in jail. Possession of empty blood bags in a hospital without the license for a blood bank was in itself a criminal offense.  

The hospital was in a remote location. Nobody in the administration bothered much about what was happening. It was an area which was infamous for social unrest. And there were stories about frequent incidents of highway robbery on the way. There was the fear of being taken hostage or looted if one went to inspect the place. 

And it had the aura of being famous for people getting better after being given no hope elsewhere. And there was not much money involved. After a long journey to this place, there was not much hope of being paid under the table for favors given. 

So, nobody bothered.

It was good for SD that nobody bothered. She is alive today because of the emergency blood transfusion. The nearest blood bank which guarantees blood of all groups round the clock is about 5 hours away. She would have been most probably dead if the family took her further. 

However, things have changed. News was conveyed about how a similar hospital has been taken to the dock for flouting rules. 2 staff were jailed. Another 3 have been called and is in danger of being jailed for nothing less than 3 years.

Another patient who would come now with a history similar to SD will be referred. Unless, the staff in the same hospital decide to volunteer to go to jail.

The fact that SD would have been a Maternal Death makes this issue all the more serious.  

Intriguing, ain't it. Technology has grown so much that we have been able to save lives which would have been long dead in it's absence. But, to counter it have come in laws which has affected the way technology is used.

(This is a true incident which happened in a remote hospital in India last week. The identity of the hospital and the people involved are not disclosed as this can invite criminal proceedings) 

Waiting . .. ...

(This post was written on Monday, the 29th July, 2013)

As we wait for rains . . . I’ve been waiting for something else since today early morning.

When I arrived for work today early morning, Titus had news for me about a rupture uterus which has been refusing to go to a higher centre after she arrived her at around 5 am today morning.

This is the second rupture uterus over the last 24 hours.

Dr. Shishir did the first one on Sunday evening.

MD had come sometime early morning on Sunday (28th July). MD had been in labour since 4 am on Saturday (27th July). This was her 3^rd pregnancy. By around 10 am on Saturday, the family realised that there was some problem. She was shifted to the nearby PHC.

The doctor at the PHC was smart enough to realise that there was some complication and she was shifted to the nearby district hospital. At the district hospital, it took some time before the family was told that she appears to have a rupture uterus.

It was late evening. The family was told that the best place for them would be a private hospital in the adjacent district. However, no vehicle was ready to take them to the adjacent district.

They were told that it would be dangerous to be in the district hospital. Therefore, they took refuge in a private hospital for the night.

Very early in the morning, they set out to the Daltonganj. The private hospital they were referred to refused to have anything to do with the patient. It was much beyond their skills. They promptly referred the lady to NJH.

They reached NJH by around 8 am on Sunday. The problem was that she had very high counts and her haemoglobin was just above 7 gm%. It was unthinkable to do anything without blood. We sent the relatives to the nearest blood bank in Daltonganj for 3 pints of blood.

The relatives returned by around 3 pm. Dr. Shishir operated. It was quite tough. She was in severe sepsis and appeared to be going to severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. She has pulled through the night. 

As I write this (Monday night), MD continues to be on oxygen.

The next maternal near miss, the one I mentioned at the beginning of this post, arrived today morning. RD, had a Cesarian section for her previous delivery. Similar to many of our previous rupture uterus following a Cesarian section, the family was ignorant of the fact that she needed an institutional delivery.

She was better off than MD. Her haemoglobin was 9 gm%. Still considering the time she was in labour and the long period of dehydration, we were definite that there was hemoconcentration.

RD had arrived at 5 am today. It was 5 pm by the time the relatives could arrange blood from Daltonganj. The surgery was uneventful. However, her uterus was quite damaged to conceive another baby.

To top the 2 rupture uterus, we had a severe eclampsia sometime around mid-morning. We kept her for normal delivery as she appears to progress well. However, we realised towards the beginning of her second stage of labour that there was a malrotation and she may not deliver normal.

We ended up doing a Cesarian section for her. As it was a second stage Cesarian section, there was lot of problems. The uterus was in atony for quite some time after delivery of the baby. And she lost quite a lot of blood.

Again, we needed blood. We tried to send the relatives to Daltonganj for blood. But, it was too much of an ask. We have to ensure that she does not bleed more during the night.

The availability of blood is quite a crucial aspect in the smooth running of a centre like ours.

Last year, we’ve had about 1500 deliveries. And with quite a large proportion of them accounting for high risk obstetrics, if we need to develop further, we urgently need to think about setting up of a blood bank.

And not to mention the very high chance that all three of them could have ended up as maternal deaths if NJH was not around. 

However, the big question remains about committed personnel who would be willing to come all the way to a remote location such as ours . . . and continue the good work and look at possibilities of new avenues of quality care. 

Tale of 2 Anaemic Patients

Yesterday was my first Sunday first call duty of the year 2013.

Early morning, I was informed of a very complicated patient in the labour room. LD, a 26 year old lady has been in labour since Saturday early morning. She has been running from hospital to hospital trying to get some help. The problem was that she had a hemoglobin of 6 gm% and nobody was willing to take her. To make matters complicated she had been given injection pitocin elsewhere. She had a pregnancy couple of years back. The baby had died just after childbirth after she had attempted a home delivery.

She was O positive. Dr. Johnson tried to arrange some staff to donate when she reached late night on Saturday. Unfortunately, we do not have many staff with O positive blood group. There was only one option. Either the patient had to be referred or we had to do the surgery with a consent to do without blood which was not a easy choice. The family having had visited quite a few  hospitals before entering NJH had already spent quite a lot of money on her ‘treatment’. So, the question of going to Ranchi was totally out of question.

However, we decided to wait for blood to come.

It came . . . by around 11 am on Sunday morning. It had been a full 33 hours since she had been in labour. And she was into obstructed labour.

I opened and found the worst I had feared. The uterus had ruptured. The baby was alive but quite sick. The endometrium and placenta was grossly stained with meconium. The baby died by evening. LD lost quite a lot of blood. She is on the ventilator and fighting for her life.

As we were doing LD’s Cesarian section, rather laparotomy, in came SeD.

Frighteningly, SeD also had a history similar to LD.

SeD was brought by her parents. Her father, a wizened old man who had quite a lot of creases on his face was a sorry figure.

The history . . . SeD had also been in labour since the previous day. The family had been to many hospitals. She was also told that her hemoglobin is 6 gm%. And her baby was in an abnormal position. The nurses could not get the fetal heart. I was in a hurry.

I told them to push SeD into the ultrasound. I had a cursory glance at the fetus. The heartbeat was going strong and was a footling breech. No other choice than to do a Cesarian section.

I did not think twice. She was B positive. I send word to 2 of our staff requesting to donate blood. SeD was having very strong uterine contractions. I did not want SeD to end up with the same outcome as LD. Ebez George, our Project Officer and Dr. Basil, our Dentist were were happy to donate.

We did the Cesarian in no time. To my surprise, SeD had a twin pregnancy. Mother and babies are doing well. I had missed that in my ultrasound screening.

I wondered why we did not have a staff with O positive blood who could help LD and her baby. They would have done better. The baby would have been alive.

But, a terrible thing happened later. I went to see SeD’s father. He had narrated to me SeD’s sad story. SeD had also delivered 2 years back, but the baby had died soon after her home birth. When SeD got into her present pregnancy, SeD’s husband took her and left at her parent’s home and told them not to send her back if she did not have a live baby this time.

I was congratulating myself as I saw SeD’s father standing at a distance and was happy that I had good news.

I could only watch with horror the pain that SeD’s father’s voice echoed when he came to know that his daughter had delivered twin girl babies. The creases on his face becoming deeper as he pondered aloud, ‘Doctor saab, I wonder if SeD’s husband would come to take her back with the 2 girl babies’.

Please pray that LD would recover well and SeD’s husband feels proud to be the father of 2 daughters.